Religion
as a social construct African, Asian, comparative and theoretical excursions –
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Now published:
van
Binsbergen, Wim M.J., 2016, RELIGION AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT: African, Asian,
comparative and theoretical excursions – a testament in the social
science of religion, Haarlem: Papers in Intercultural Philosophy /
Transcontinental Comparative Studies, 712 pp, dozens of illustrations, dozens
of tables, Cumulative Bibliography, Index of Authors, General Index, ISBN
978-90-78382-32-4, EUR95.- / US$105
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THE BLURB:
Bringing together 16 chapters written between
the 1970s and 2012, and introduced by a penetrating and personal Preface, book
is the inspiring testament of a versatile and passionate anthropologist of
religion; it is also an exciting and many-facetted introduction to the details
and global ramifications of grassroots religion outside the
1. knowability and translatability of the others’ religion (while retaining, beyond this empiricist credo, the mystery of the other as boundary condition)
2. interdisciplinarity
3. historical awareness
4. a quantitative, statistical / mathematical perspective as auxiliary to the overall qualitative approach
5. simple, old-fashioned personal, and ideally prolonged qualitative field-work
6. the underlying transcontinental continuity in space and time of most African and Asian religious expressions
7. and finally an all-pervading sense of the therapautic dimension of religion.
WIM VAN BINSBERGEN
(*1947) was a prominent anthropologist / sociologist of religion when in 1998
he acceded to the chair of Foundations of Intercultural Philosophy at the
Erasmus University Rotterdam, the
Even
readers / owners of the printed hard copy are advised to visit the web version
by means of the links below: it was financially impossible to print the book’s
many illustrations in full colour, but that is how they do appear online, which
adds both splendour and conviction to their contribution to the book’s
often contentious argument.
THE BOOK’s simplified
TABLE OF CONTENTS (click the links for free access):
PART I. PRELIMINARIES.............................................................................. 5
0. PREFACE............................................................................................................... 7
0.1. About this book............................................................................... 7
0.2. Acknowledgments, and provenances........................................... 22
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ 31
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... 39
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................... 43
PART II. TUNISIA............................................................................................ 47
CHAPTER 1. THE CULT OF SAINTS IN NORTH-WESTERN TUNISIA: AN ANALYSIS OF MODERN PILGRIMAGE STRUCTURES.................................................................................. 49
1.1. Introduction................................................................................... 50
1.2. Regional and historical background.............................................. 51
1.3. Segmentation in ?umiriyya today........................................ 53
1.4. Shrines in ?umiriyya........................................................ 56
1.5. Saints and the living...................................................................... 60
1.6. Segmentation and types of zyara.................................................. 63
1.7. Local zyara in the valley of Sidi M?ammad........................... 66
1.8. Original and personal zyara in the village of Sidi M?ammad..... 77
1.9. Conclusion..................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 2. SHRINES, CULTS AND SOCIETY IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA: A TENTATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.................................................................................... 85
2.1. The ?umiris of Tunisia..................................................... 87
2.3. The Nkoya of Zambia.................................................................... 97
2.4. Comparison of ?umiri and Nkoya data............................... 107
2.5. Conclusion: Towards a theory of shrines and cults in their social context 109
2.6. Appendix to Chapter 2: Systematic comparison of ?umiri and Nkoya society, shrines and cults........................................................................ 112
PART III. ZAMBIA.......................................................................................................................... 117
CHAPTER 3. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH AND SOCIAL CONTROL: IN A TOWNSHIP IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA, EARLY 1970s............................................................................................................ 119
3.1. Introduction.................................................................................. 119
3.2. Continuity and transformation in the sociology of urban Zambia 121
3.3. A glimpse of Lusaka life............................................................... 124
3.4. Mrs. Evelyn Phiri’s monologue.................................................... 126
3.5. Discussion..................................................................................... 133
3.6. Conclusion................................................................................... 143
PART IV. BOTSWANA............................................................................................................ 145
CHAPTER 4. CHURCH, CULT, AND LODGE: IN SEARCH OF THERAPEUTIC MEANING IN FRANCISTOWN, BOTSWANA........................................................................................................... 147
4.1. Introduction................................................................................. 148
4.2. The public aspect of religion and ritual in Francistown.............. 152
4.3. Cults and Christianity.................................................................. 156
4.4. A cultic lodge............................................................................... 166
4.5. An abortive career? The case of Joshua....................................... 174
4.6. Healing between intrafamilial conflict and modern society: The case of Litopo 177
4.7. Conclusion: Cult, history and healing......................................... 183
CHAPTER 5. THE STATE AND AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES IN BOTSWANA: A STATISTICAL AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE 1972 SOCIETIES’ ACT OF BOTSWANA 187
5.1. Introduction: The Botswana post-colonial state between coercion and consensus 188
5.2. Towards a quantitative profile of Botswana churches (a)........... 197
5.3. Towards a quantitative profile of Botswana churches (b).......... 209
5.4. Pastors and bureaucrats: qualitative aspects of church-state interaction in the context of the Botswana Societies Act.......................................................... 215
5.5. Conclusion: Beyond acquiescence............................................... 232
PART V. GUINÉ BISSAU...................................................................................................... 241
CHAPTER 6. SOCIO-RITUAL STRUCTURES AND MODERN MIGRATION AMONG THE MANJACOS OF GUINÉ BISSAU: IDEOLOGICAL REPRODUCTION IN A CONTEXT OF PERIPHERAL CAPITALISM 243
6.1. Theoretical introduction: religion as ideological reproduction and as ideological production...................................................................................... 245
6.2. The Manjacos in their ethnic, political, religious and economic environment 249
6.3. Social and ritual organisation of Manjaco rural society............. 254
6.4. Migrants’ ritual activities and the articulation of modes of production 263
6.6. Conclusion: Migrants’ rituals as ideological reproduction – and beyond 269
CHAPTER 7. THE LAND AS BODY: INTERPRETING RITUAL AMONG THE MANJACOS OF GUINÉ BISSAU................................................................................................................................ 273
7.1. Introduction................................................................................. 273
7.2. Between materialist and idealist anthropology........................... 275
7.3. The research setting.................................................................... 276
7.4. Manjaco rituals and their effectiveness...................................... 278
7.5. The Land as body......................................................................... 282
7.6. Postscript 2016............................................................................. 286
PART VI. ASIA AND TRANSCONTINENTAL CONTINUITIES 291
CHAPTER 8. MAGIC IN HISTORY: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE, AND ITS APPLICATION TO ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA by Wim Van Binsbergen & Frans Wiggermann....................... 293
8.1. A theoretical approach to magic in history................................. 294
8.2. Application to Mesopotamia......................................................... 311
8.3. Conclusion................................................................................... 326
CHAPTER 9. ISLAM AS A CONSTITUTIVE FACTOR IN AFRICAN ‘TRADITIONAL’ RELIGION: THE EVIDENCE FROM GEOMANTIC DIVINATION...................................................................... 329
9.1. The Francistown four-tablet oracular system and its implications 331
9.2. General characteristics of the geomantic system........................ 335
9.3. The worldwide distribution and diffusion of geomancy........... 348
9.4. Geomancy in Africa..................................................................... 352
9.5. The Islamic connection in the context of the Southern
African four-tablet oracle................................................................... 354
9.6. Discussion and conclusion......................................................... 358
CHAPTER 10. THE RELEVANCE OF TAOISM, BUDDHISM, AND HINDUISM, FOR THE STUDY OF AFRICAN-ASIAN TRANSCONTINENTAL CONTINUITIES................................................... 361
10.1. My Africanist encounter with East, South, and South East Asia 362
10.2. The kingship, the royal orchestra, ceramics and gaming pieces as indicative of Asian-African transcontinental continuities............................................. 375
10.3. Towards heuristic hypotheses and research strategies............. 385
10.4. Conclusion................................................................................. 410
CHAPTER 11. GIVING BIRTH TO FIRE: THE JAPANESE COSMOGONIC MYTH OF IZANAMI AND KAGUTSUCHI IN TRANSCONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE................................... 413
11.1. Introduction................................................................................ 414
11.2. Six registers together informing the ancient texts of the myth of Giving Birth to Kagutsuchi / Fire............................................................................. 415
11.3. The widespread model of the transformative cycle of elements 419
11.4. Return to Izanami’s plight.......................................................... 424
11.5. Conclusion.................................................................................. 436
11.6. Postscript 2016............................................................................ 436
CHAPTER 12. THE DEVOTIONAL SHRINE OF NAGARA PADANG, WEST JAVA, IN COMPARATIVE AND ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE UNPAR (PARAHYANGAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY) DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY’S STUDY DAYS 2010..................................................................... 439
12.1. Introduction: The students’ research training project at Rawabogo village, and the adjacent devotional shrine of Nagara Padang............................... 440
12.2. Nagara Padang as a layered palimpsest of religious forms deriving from the well-known succession of world religions in the Indonesian archipelago, but also with the suggestion of older religious forms, notably megalithic ones....... 442
12.3. ‘The pilgrim’s progress’.............................................................. 454
12.4. A comparative and theoretical perspective on shrine cults....... 458
12.5. Conclusion: Communitas during the students’ research training at Rawabogo 467
PART VII. GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES.......... 473
CHAPTER 13. CHALLENGES FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT: PROSPECTS FOR THE NEXT FIFTY YEARS.............................................................................. 475
13.1. No prospect without retrospect.................................................. 475
13.2. The challenges of globalisation in the African religious context 478
13.3. The challenge of disorder, conflict and violence – religion and the civil society in the African context............................................................................... 486
13.4. The spatial and temporal framework as a challenge................. 490
13.5. The challenge of immanentalism: Causation in African thought traditions 493
CHAPTER 14. WITCHCRAFT IN MODERN AFRICA: AS VIRTUALISED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF THE KINSHIP ORDER................................................................................................... 495
14.1. Introduction............................................................................... 496
14.2. Virtuality and the virtual village................................................ 498
14.3. Two Dutch discourses on witchcraft and healing in Africa..... 504
14.4. Conclusion................................................................................. 522
CHAPTER 15. RUPTURE AND FUSION IN THE APPROACH TO MYTH: SITUATING MYTH ANALYSIS BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY, POETICS, AND LONG-RANGE HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION, WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE ANCIENT AND WORLD-WIDE MYTHICAL COMPLEX OF LEOPARD-SKIN SYMBOLISM.......................................................................................................... 525
15.1. Philosophical approaches to myth.............................................. 525
15.2. A provisional definition of myth................................................ 536
15.3. Discussion of the definition........................................................ 541
15.4. Rupture and fusion.................................................................... 543
15.5. The scholar’s adoption and celebration of myth....................... 546
15.6. The scholar’s critical battle against myth.................................. 549
15.7. A near-universal mytheme: ‘hero fights monster’...................... 551
15.8. Living with the tensions: Towards a specialised scholarship of myth 552
15.9. The leopard’s unchanging spots: Example of an interdisciplinary approach to an African mythical complex............................................................... 554
CHAPTER 16. RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT: Reflexions on the collection edited BY PHILIP QUARLES VAN UFFORD AND MATTHEW SCHOFFELEERS............................ 565
16.1. Introduction............................................................................... 566
16.2. A unifying theoretical perspective?........................................... 568
16.3. The political context of departmental research.......................... 571
16.4. A note of caution........................................................................ 573
16.5. Development and religion: Beyond intellectual irrelevance and alienation 576
16.6. Awkward questions.................................................................... 577
16.7. Popular culture and endogenous models of development....... 580
16.8. An endogenous development agenda and its consequences: the case of the Zambian Nkoya............................................................................................... 581
16.9. Land, cults, protest and development....................................... 584
16.10. Further permutations of the relation between development and religion 588
16.11. Conclusion................................................................................ 590
PART VIII. REFERENCE MATERIAL.................................................. 591
CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................... 593
INDEX OF AUTHORS........................................................................................... 665
GENERAL INDEX.................................................................................................. 675
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